This article was originally published on Wednesday January 4, 2017 from Associated Press.
CHICAGO (AP) — He entered the White House a living symbol, breaking a color line that stood for 220 years.
Barack Obama took office, and race immediately became a focal point in a way that was unprecedented in American history. No matter his accomplishments, he seemed destined to be remembered foremost as the first black man to lead the world's most powerful nation.
But eight years later, Obama's racial legacy is as complicated as the president himself.
To many, his election was a step toward realizing the dream of a post-racial society. He was dubbed the Jackie Robinson of politics. African-Americans, along with Latinos and Asians, voted for him in record numbers in 2008, flush with expectations that he'd deliver on hope and change for people of color.
Some say he did, ushering in criminal justice reforms that helped minorities, protecting hundreds of thousands of immigrants from deportation, and appointing racially diverse leaders to key jobs, including the first two black attorneys general. These supporters say he deserves more credit than he gets for bringing America back from the worst recession since the Great Depression, the killing of Osama bin Laden, and a major expansion of health care that secured insurance for millions of minorities. They celebrate his family as a sterling symbol of black success.
But Obama also frustrated some who believe he didn't speak out quickly or forcefully enough on race or push aggressively enough for immigration reform.
And his presidency did not usher in racial harmony. Rather, both blacks and whites believe race relations have deteriorated, according to polls. Mounting tensions over police shootings of African-Americans prompted protests in several cities and the emergence of the Black Lives Matter movement.
Perhaps most strikingly, the president's successor, Donald Trump, is seen by many as the antithesis of a colorblind society, a one-time leader of the "birther" movement that spread the falsehood that Obama was born in Africa. Trump's strong reliance on white voters was in sharp contrast to the multiracial coalition that gave Obama his two victories.
"President Obama represents the face of the future — multicultural America. Donald Trump represents the old racial order of the black-white divide," says Fredrick Cornelius Harris, director of the Center on African American Politics and Society at Columbia University. "And for the next decades to come, there will be a battle between those two viewpoints of what America is."
It took more than two centuries for America to elect a black president. It will take many years after he leaves office to sort out what it all meant.
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"If he can do it, I can do it, too."
—Cheryl Johnson, of Chicago's Altgeld Gardens public housing project, on Obama as a lasting symbol.
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Two iconic images of the Obama presidency:
The president patiently bends over as a 5-year-old black boy touches his head, after the child asked Obama if they had the same kind of hair.
A 106-year-old black woman joyfully dances with the president and first lady, beaming as she declares: "I am so happy. A black president. Yay!"
Born a century apart, these two visitors to the White House convey the potent symbolism of Obama's presidency, a luster that hasn't dimmed. For many black Americans, it's not so much what policies Obama proposed but his mere presence in the Oval Office that has mattered most.
"You can't put a price tag on that," says Loretta Augustine-Herron, a former community activist who worked with Obama in Chicago's Altgeld Gardens in the 1980s. "If he never did anything else for African-Americans, just the fact that he occupies the White House, it lets us see ourselves in a different light. ... We see a chance for us to fit into the United States society in a way we've never fit in. Just knowing that opportunity is not everybody else's, it's OURS, too. ... The sky is the limit. And it was never that feeling before."
Perhaps nowhere are those sentiments stronger than at Altgeld Gardens, where a 20-something Obama honed his political skills as a community organizer.
It was there, in the shadow of rusted steel mills, where Obama had his first up-close exposure to a black community mired in poverty. In his memoir, "Dreams from My Father," Obama describes the sprawling housing project in "a perpetual state of disrepair" with crumbling ceilings, backed-up toilets and burst pipes. He helped residents agitate, rally and fight City Hall to improve their lives.
Three decades later, Altgeld is in the middle of a massive renovation. Crime and poverty persist, but there's also a sense of hope, especially for kids who, for the first time, see a president who looks like them when they walk by Obama's photo on their schoolroom walls.
Cheryl Johnson is among the few remaining residents who remember Obama's organizing days. He plotted strategies with her mother, Hazel, a well-known environmental activist. Johnson, who followed in her footsteps, sees Obama as an inspiration.
His presidency, she explains, allowed people to say: "If he can do it, I can do it, too."
"It's the influence, the motivation that he has given to people who may have been hopeless in their life, like, 'I can't get this far,'" Johnson says. "Now you hear young people, young as 5 and 6, saying, 'I'm going to be the next president of the United States.'"
Obama changed perceptions of black people, says Ellen Singletary, a youth specialist at Altgeld. "The media depicts us ... in such an unfair and defaming way," she says, "and to see the pride of who we really are demonstrated on the world stage means the world to me."
That attitude is part of what Michael Eric Dyson, a Georgetown professor and prominent African-American commentator, described in a New York Times op-ed as black America's "unrepentant love affair" with the president. That pride, he wrote, overlooks Obama's failings, including skimping on black cabinet appointees until his second term, forgoing the nomination of a black woman to the U.S. Supreme Court and a "reluctance to highlight black suffering."
Still, Obama maintained an 80-90 percent approval rating in the Gallup Poll among African-Americans for virtually his entire presidency.
Many black supporters are proud of how he weathered the birther movement, racial slurs, photos depicting him, among other things, as an African bone-through-the-nose witch doctor or an ape, and other indignities such as a Southern congressman interrupting the president's health care address by yelling, "You lie!"
"One of the sayings we have down in Alabama is when you wrestle with a pig, the pig enjoys it and you're the one that gets muddy," says Glennon Threatt, an assistant federal public defender in Birmingham, Alabama. "The president has not gotten in the mud.
"What he has done is shown that a black man can be a successful president and a successful husband and a successful father," he adds. "I think that's an extraordinary thing."
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"The fact that he got anything done is impressive in hindsight."
— Qwanchaize Edwards, Chicago law student, on the hope that Obama's election would bring reform.
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At the beginning, Americans of color looked forward to seeing what action would come from having one of their own in the White House.
Emanuel Cleaver, a Missouri congressman and former head of the Congressional Black Caucus, remembers one first-term meeting during which caucus members appealed to Obama to seek funds for a program to reduce unemployment among black youth. The president's response reflected his governing style: He said he'd advocate for a program for all youth.
It's consistent with how Obama has always described himself — the first black president, not the president of black America. Dyson once noted Obama's preference for a universal approach, pointing to something the president told him in a 2010 interview: "I've got to look out for all Americans and do things based on what will help people across the board ... "
Qwanchaize Edwards, who grew up in Altgeld Gardens, says he initially hoped Obama's community organizing past would spur him to pursue the kind of Great Society social programs enacted by President Lyndon Johnson. But he understands why that was impossible.
Some people will say Obama "knows the South Side of Chicago. He knows poverty. He should have done more," says Edwards. "But I think if you look at ... all the factions that he had to deal with, he probably got as much as he could get done. So he didn't do enough for poverty, but I don't blame him."
Obama faced a solid wall of GOP resistance to much of his agenda, although some question whether the opposition was strictly ideological.
Lorenzo Morris, a Howard University professor, notes some Republicans publicly announced they'd oppose his programs even if they agreed with them.
"So if you start off with such intense hostility that if you don't call it racial, it's hard to know what to call it except stupid," he says. "I would think it's reasonable for African-Americans to say he should have done more ... but they are still wrong because there's very little he could do. Probably the biggest mistake was if HE thought he could do more."
Obama and his supporters do offer a list of accomplishments, pointing to policies they say helped all Americans and, in doing so, improved the lives of minorities.
The Affordable Care Act led to health care coverage for some 20 million Americans, including about 4 million Hispanics and 3 million African-Americans, according to federal statistics. However, its fate is uncertain because of Trump's vow to repeal and replace it.
On criminal justice, Obama pushed for the law that reduced disparities between mandatory crack and powder cocaine sentences that had put blacks behind bars longer than whites. And he commuted the sentences of nearly 1,200 federal inmates, almost all of whom were incarcerated for nonviolent drug crimes.
Obama focused a "very bright light on how unfair, systematically, the criminal justice system is," says Threatt, the public defender. "He doesn't need to beat a drum and say those people are there because of institutional racism. ... He did something about it."
The Justice Department, under Eric Holder and Loretta Lynch, also focused on civil rights violations in law enforcement, leading to agreements with 18 agencies that resulted in reforms.
Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor, the first Latina on the U.S. Supreme Court. And more than 100 minority judges were added to the federal bench, according to the Pew Research Center. The president also created "My Brother's Keeper" to expand opportunity for young boys and men of color, a program in some 250 communities.
There have been disappointments, as well.
The House refused to consider immigration reform, and so Obama used his executive power to temporarily halt the deportation of 1.5 million people brought here illegally as children. A lawsuit prevented him from expanding that to others.
Says Gaby Castillo, an immigration lawyer in New York: "I had these unrealistic expectations that all these changes would come and there would be no opposition to it and it was going to be this glorious initial first four years."
Others point to the yawning income gap that has left some African-Americans at the bottom of the economic ladder.
Author Ta-Nehisi Coates argued in a 2013 piece in The Atlantic that the Obama administration wasn't aggressive enough in dealing with the foreclosure crisis, which devastated African-Americans. He characterized the president's work on housing segregation as "run of the mill."
Harris, the professor at Columbia University, says Obama didn't sufficiently address the persistence of racial inequality and championed the causes of other key constituencies, such as the LGBT community, more than African-Americans.
"In eight years," he asks, "this is the best you can do?"
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"Sometimes you have to ... speak up about what's going on."
—Constance Malcolm, whose unarmed son was killed by police, on her disappointment in Obama.
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For Obama, just talking about race has always meant walking a rhetorical tightrope. He's been criticized as too strident and too timid, too slow to react and too fast to make a judgment.
Some white critics accused the president of taking sides when he said Trayvon Martin, the black teen killed by a neighborhood watch volunteer, could have been his son. Some black activists insist Obama should have been more outspoken in denouncing police killings of African-Americans in Ferguson, Missouri, and elsewhere.
"On one hand," says Cleaver, "the president is suffering from inflated expectations on the part of African-Americans. On the other side, you have people who have a magnifying glass out looking for a statement ... that would allow them to say he's a card-carrying member of the Black Panther Party."
Cleaver says Obama's style has always been calm and deliberative. He's the "most careful African-American in a leadership position that I've ever been around."
Dyson argued in his New York Times op-ed that Obama's reluctance to address race had significant political ramifications. If Obama "had spoken more forcefully on race," he wrote, "it might have blunted some of the bigotry" that helped to fuel Trump's ascent.
In recent years, as tensions worsened between law enforcement and communities of color, the president grew more vocal but still tried to strike a balance when addressing racial conflict. At a memorial for five slain Dallas police officers last summer, he noted the fears many African-Americans have of law enforcement — but also the dangers officers routinely face at work.
"We wonder if an African-American community that feels unfairly targeted by police and police departments that feel unfairly maligned for doing their jobs can even understand each other's experiences," he said.
That kind of message doesn't satisfy Constance Malcolm, a Jamaican immigrant who supported Obama in 2008. Her frustration has deeply personal roots.
Her 18-year-old son, Ramarley Graham, was fatally shot by a New York City police officer in 2012 in the bathroom of her apartment. Police had followed Graham, thinking he was armed. He was killed when he tried to flush some marijuana down the toilet. The officer, who was not prosecuted, said he thought Graham was reaching for a gun.
Malcolm says she had hoped Obama would have been bolder in addressing police treatment of young black men. "I understand sometimes it's a political thing," she says, "but sometimes you have to break that barrier and speak up about what's going on."
Alicia Garza, co-founder of Black Lives Matter, also thinks Obama has been more inclined to preach consensus rather than highlight injustice.
His approach, she says, has been: "Let's bring all sides together ... this is still the greatest country in the world, and ultimately cooler heads need to prevail so that we can come to a solution.
"What's really disappointing and frustrating ... is that it essentially assumes that there is an even and level playing field between black communities and law enforcement."
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"My election did not create a post-racial society."
— Barack Obama.
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Eight years ago, it seemed America had turned the page — a black president in a nation scarred by slavery and Jim Crow. The euphoria was measured in public opinion; a New York Times/CBS News poll in April 2009 found 66 percent of Americans regarded race relations as generally good.
Last summer, that poll found 69 percent of Americans believed race relations were mostly bad.
That dramatic turnaround followed a year beset by racially charged incidents, including the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore while in police custody and the massacre of nine black worshippers by a white man at a South Carolina church.
Recent surveys have shown huge gaps in how blacks and whites view race. In a June poll by the Pew Research Center, nearly 9 in 10 blacks — 88 percent — said the nation needed to continue making changes for blacks to have equal rights with whites. For whites, that number was substantially lower: 53 percent.
The divide was even starker when it came to Obama.
About 51 percent of blacks said Obama had made progress toward improving race relations, compared with 28 percent of whites. The poll also found 32 percent of whites blamed Obama for making race relations worse, compared with 5 percent for blacks.
In his final weeks in office, Obama addressed racism, maintaining in a CNN interview that it wasn't a major component in GOP opposition to his agenda. But, he said, it was a factor for some Americans. "Are there folks whose primary concern about me has been that I seem foreign, the other? Are those who champion the 'birther' movement feeding off of bias? Absolutely," he told CNN.
Some historians believe Obama's race will ultimately matter less than his record. He'll be measured by "Obamacare," how he handled the staggering financial mess he inherited and advances in gay rights, says Princeton University historian Kevin Kruse.
That view was supported in a Pew poll last month that found 35 percent of those surveyed believed Obama would be remembered most for his health care legislation — double those who said it would be for being the first black president.
Kruse also says Obama stayed true to his promise to be colorblind. "He really tried to be a president of all people."
In hindsight, Harris sees that as a failed strategy. "How can you be colorblind in an increasingly racially polarized nation?" he asks.
Harris says there's no simple Obama narrative. Though the 2016 vote totals were partly a repudiation of the president, he also notes Obama's approval ratings have been strong as he prepares to leave office.
"He's already made his mark," he says. "I call it the black Camelot. ... You have this wonderful black family in the White House. The dreams of generations of African-Americans have been realized.
"He was a hero to the African-American community," Harris adds. "He demonstrated leadership when there was a lot of opposition. He stood his ground, stayed the course ... and people saw him as being above the fray. That will be the lasting legacy of Obama."
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Sharon Cohen, a Chicago-based national writer, can be reached at scohen@ap.org or http://twitter.com/@scohenAP . Her work can be found at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/sharon-cohen . Follow Deepti Hajela at www.twitter.com/dhajela. Her work can be found at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/deepti-hajela . Chicago-based video journalist Teresa Crawford contributed to this report.
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