Governors around the country are attempting to restart the economy by easing restrictions put in place to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The prospect of returning to "normal" amid a pandemic has businesses lobbying Congress to grant them sweeping immunity from civil liability for failure to adequately protect workers and customers from infection.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has warned of an "avalanche" of lawsuits that will stymie economic recovery efforts if Congress does not act quickly. He said he won't let another coronavirus bailout pass the Senate unless it also shields companies from coronavirus-related liability.
My research on the role of civil lawsuits in reducing foodborne illness outbreaks suggests that fears of excessive litigation are unwarranted. What's more, the modest liability exposure that does exist is important to ensuring businesses take reasonable coronavirus precautions as they reopen their doors.
How not to be careless
As a general matter, businesses are subject to civil liability for carelessness that causes injury to others. The law defines carelessness as a failure to exercise "reasonable care."
In applying this standard, courts consider several factors:
- Did the business take available cost-effective precautions to prevent injury?
- Did the business comply with laws or regulations designed to protect public health and safety?
- Did the business conform to industry standards for health and safety?
- Did the business exercise common sense?
If the answer to one or more of the questions is no, then a court may conclude that the business was careless and is subject to liability for damages to customers who suffered harm.
In the context of the current pandemic, I believe that reasonable care sets a clear standard for business owners. Invest in cost-effective precautions like ensuring employees wear masks and gloves and keeping customers apart. Follow the guidance of health officials and all health and safety regulations. Keep up with what other similar businesses are doing to prevent infection. Use common sense.
Law abiding, thoughtful business owners — those who care about the safety of their employees and their patrons — are likely to exercise reasonable care to prevent COVID-19 transmission with or without the threat of a lawsuit.
For example, the owner of a nail salon in Georgia recently described her plans for reopening. The salon will accept patrons by appointment only, conduct pre-screening telephone interviews for signs of illness, limit the number of people in the salon at any one time, take temperatures before allowing people to enter, require hand-washing, equip employees and patrons with masks and gloves, and sanitize all work areas between appointments.
Conscientious business owners like this have no reason to fear a lawsuit alleging they failed to take reasonable precautions.
Predictions of "frivolous" lawsuits appear to be generating unnecessary anxiety among business groups. But they shouldn't. Personal injury lawyers representing victims work on a contingency fee basis. This means that they only earn fees when they bring cases with a strong enough chance of winning to reach a favorable settlement or a judgment.
Lawyers have no incentive to bring sure losers, and they risk being disciplined for professional misconduct if they do so. For these reasons, frivolous lawsuits are rare and highly unlikely in the context of COVID-19 transmission claims against businesses.
Exaggerated fears
Even for business owners who fail to take reasonable precautions, the prospect of a lawsuit is still remote.
To successfully sue a business for COVID-19 transmission, a patron would have to prove that he or she contracted COVID-19 from the business and not from some other source. However, most people infected with COVID-19 currently have no reliable way of identifying the source of their infection. The gap of three to 11 days between infection and illness, the difficulty of recalling all of one's contacts during that interval and limited testing for the virus present formidable obstacles to establishing causation.
Moreover, a business would not be liable to patrons who knowingly and voluntarily assumed the risk of infection. Patrons of crowded stores or businesses where many customers and employees are not wearing masks, for example, would not have viable legal claims even if they can prove carelessness and causation.
Sending a strong signal
Because of these considerable challenges, viable legal claims related to COVID-19 are likely to be extremely rare.
Yet even occasional lawsuits act as a nudge, encouraging the entire business community to adopt reasonable precautions. This is one of the lessons of civil litigation arising out of foodborne illness outbreaks.
As I document in my 2019 book, "Outbreak: Foodborne Illness and the Struggle for Food Safety," a small handful of high-profile lawsuits against food companies have encouraged businesses at every link along the supply chain to improve their safety practices. That's what happened after lawsuits against Jack in the Box over contaminated hamburgers in 1993 and Dole over E. coli in baby spinach in 2006.
Similarly, the prospect of liability for COVID-19 transmission is likely to encourage business owners to invest in cost-effective precautions, follow the advice of public health authorities, adopt industry safety standards and use common sense.
Shielding business owners from this liability is one kind of immunity that will not help end the current crisis.
Timothy D. Lytton, Distinguished University Professor & Professor of Law, Georgia State University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.
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